一般现在时
一. 意义:表示经常发生的事情,动作或存在的状态
二. 构成及变化
1、be动词的变化
肯定句:主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如:I am a boy.
我是一个男孩。
否定句:主语+ be + not +其它。如:He is not a worker.
他不是工人。
一般疑问句:Be +主语+其它。 如:-Are you a student?
-Yes. I am. / No, I'm not.
特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句。如:Where is my bike?
2、行为动词的变化
当主语为第一,二人称及复数时,助动词为do
肯定句:主语+动词原形(+其它)。
如:We often play basketball after school.
否定句:主语+ don't+动词原形(+其它)。
如:we don’t play basketball after school.
一般疑问句:Do +主语+动词原形+其它?
如: Do you often play basketball after school l? Yes, we do. / No, we don't.
特殊疑问句:疑问词+以do开头的一般疑问句?
如: What do you often do after school ?
当主语为第三人称单数时 ,助动词为does
肯定句:主语+动词三单式(+其它)。如: He swims well.
否定句:主语+ doesn’t+动词原形(+其它)。
如:He doesn’t swim well..
一般疑问句:Does +主语+动词原形+其它。
如:Does he swim well ?
Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.
特殊疑问句:疑问词+以does开头的一般疑问句?
如: How does your father go to work?
三、第三人称单数的动词变化规则(只有在第三人称为主语的肯定句中,动词才用三单式)
(1)多数动词直接加s:
runs gets likes collets takes plays climbs…….
(2)结尾是s, x, sh, ch, o,前为辅音字母,结尾加es :
watches teaches goes does washes crosses mixes brushes
(3)动词末尾y前为辅音:将y改为i加es:
study→studies fly→flies carry→carries cry→cries
但在y前如果为元音则直接加s:
buys says
四、时间标志:always , usually , often , sometimes ,every…
现在进行时
一、意义——当表示现在正在进行的动作或正在发生的事。
二、构成:be (am, is ,are )+动词现在分词-ing形式
肯定句: 主语 + be + 现在分词V-ing (+ 其他)
I’m doing my homework now .
否定句:主语+be+not+动词-ing +其他.
I’m not doing my homework now.
一般疑问句:Be+主语+动词-ing +其他?
Are you doing your home work now?
Yes, I am . No , I’m not .
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+be+主语+动词-ing+其他?
What are you doing now ?
三、现在分词的构成:
(1)一般在动词末尾直接加ing,
(2)以不发音字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e,再加ing,
如 skate →skating make →making dance → dancing write → writing have → having
ride → riding come → coming
(3)以重读闭音节结尾的动词,中间只有一个元音字母,词尾只有一个辅音字母,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加ing, 如: putting running beginning stopping swimming shopping jogging
sitting getting forgetting letting
四、时间标志——now,句前的look ,listen
一般过去时
一、意义:表示过去某个时间发生的事情或存在的状态.
二、构成及变化
1. Be动词在一般过去时中的变化:
am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。(was not=wasn’t)
are在一般过去时中变为were。(were not=weren’t)
带有was或were的句子,其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样,即否定句在was或were后加not,一般疑问句把was或were调到句首。
2.行为动词在一般过去时中的变化:
肯定句 : 主语 + 动词的过去式 .
I watched a film last Sunday .
否定句 : 主语+ didn’t + 动词原形.
I didn’t watch a film last Sunday .
一般疑问句:Did + 主语 + 动词原形 ?
Did you watch a film last Sunday ?
Yes, I did . No , I didn’t .
特殊疑问句:疑问词+ 以did 开头的一般疑问句 ?
What did you do last Sunday ?
三、时间标志:
yesterday,
yesterday morning (afternoon, evening…)
last night (week, month, year…),
a moment ago , a week ago, three years ago…
just now,
一般将来时
一、意义:
表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或重复发生的动作。
二. 构成及变化:
一般将来时常用的两种结构
be going to+动词原形 : 表示打算、准备做的事或即将发生或肯定要发生的事。
shall/will+动词原形 : 表示将要发生的动作或情况,没有太多的计划性, 还用来表示意愿
⑴ be going to +动词原形
㈠肯定句 主语+be(am /,is,/ are) going to +动词原形+其它成份
My sister is going to learn English next year.
我姐姐准备明年学英语。
㈡否定句 主语+be(am / is / are)not going to +动词原形 +其它成份
I am not going to(go to)the cinema tonight.
我今天晚上不打算去看电影。
㈢一般疑问句 Be (am / is / are)+主语+going to+动词原型+其它成份…?
Is your father going to play basketball with you ?
你父亲打算和你去打篮球吗?
No , he isn’t.不。
㈣.特殊疑问句特殊疑问词(Wh-)+一般疑问句 ?
Where are you going to spend Spring Fesital.?
春节你打算在哪过?
㈤.注意: be going to 结构后面习惯上不跟 go , come 等表位移的动词,一般用该动词的进行时形式表示。
如: He’s going to New York next week.下周他要去纽约.
⑵ /shall +动词原形
(在书面语中,主语是第一人称时,常用shall ,在口语中,所有人称都可以用will)
1.肯定句 主语+will/shall+动词原形+其它成份
I (shall) write to him next week.
下周我将给他写信。
2.否定句 主语 + will /shall+ not + 动词原形 +其它成份
They won’t watch TV this evening.
今天晚上他们不看电视。
3.一般疑问句will/shall+主语 +动词原形+其它成份
Will you stay at home with us tomorrow ?
明天你和我们呆在家里好吗?
4.特殊疑问句特殊疑问词(Wh-) +一般疑问句
When will your father be back? 你爸爸什么时侯回来?
三、附 :Shall I /we …常用来征求对方意见,而问对方是否愿意,或者表示客气的.邀请,常用Will you…?他们的回答比较灵活。
l we go to the park ?
肯定Sure , let’s go .
否定 No , let’s go to the cinema.
you please come to my birthday party next week ?
肯定Yes, I will. / Sure .
否定 I’m sorry. I’m afraid I can’t.
四、时间标志:tomorrow , soon ,next Monday , next year , next weekend , this afternoon , this evening ……
现在完成时:
用法1:表示:过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
标志词:already, yet, just, ever, never, before
用法2:表示:过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
标志词:for, since, since…ago
基本结构:助动词have/has + 动词的过去分词
(当主语是第三人称单数时用has,其余人称用have)
1)肯定式:主语 + have / has + 过去分词
2)否定式:主语 + have / has + not + 过去分词
3)一般疑问句: Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词
Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定)No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定)
4)特殊疑问句: 特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词
例句
1. 过去某时发生的动作到目前为止这个动作已经完成或刚刚完成。
如:1)I have finished my homework. 我做完家庭作业了。(过去某时开始做,到现在已完成)
2)He has already come 他已经来了。(过去某时开始离开某地到这来,现在已在这。)
2. 表示动作发生在过去并延续到现在。
如:1)I have studied English for six years. 我已经学了六年英语了。
(六年前开始学英语,一直学到现在, 也可能继续学也可能就此不学了。)
2)I have lived in Shenyang since 1990. 我从1990年就在沈阳住。
(从1990年开始住在沈阳一直住到现在,也可能继续住也可能就此为止。)
注意1) 当表示一段时间,现在完成时可以用for 或since引导的状语。
例如:I’ve known Li Li for 4 years. 我认识丽丽已经4年了。
I have worked here since 8 years ago. 自从8年前我就在这工作。
注意2) 当在肯定陈述句中含有already或just 时,在转换成否定句时,要把句中的already 或just 去掉,在句末加上yet.。
例如:I have already seen the film. ------ I haven’t seen the film yet.
He has just come. He hasn’t come yet?
使用时注意事项
1.“have/ has got ” 形式上是一种完成时,但和have/ has 为同一意思“有”。
如:Have you got pen-friends? Yes, I have.
你有笔友吗?是的,我有。
Has he got a lot of work to do? No, he hasn’t.
他有许多工作要做吗?不,他没有。
2. have/has gone to 、have/has been to 和have/has been in的区别
have/ has gone to 去了,在去某地的路上或在某地,人还未回来
have/ has been to 曾经去过,人已经回来了
have/ has been in 已经在,常与一段时间连用
如:He has been to Shenyang before. 他以前曾去过沈阳。
He has been in Shenyang for ten years. 他在沈阳10年了。
Has he gone to Shenyang? 他去沈阳了吗?
3. have/ has been to常和once, twice, never, ever连用;have/ has gone to则不可。
例如:─ Has Tom ever been to Paris? 汤姆去过巴黎吗?
─ Yes, he’s been there several times. 是的,他去过好几次了。
─ Where have they gone? 他们去哪里了?
─ They’ve gone to Shenyang. 他们去沈阳了。
4.非延续性动词不能用“现在完成时 + 表示一段时间的状语”的句型中。
这类动词有:come, go, start, leave, die, buy, finish, join, borrow, stop等。但它们能够用表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的非延续性性动词。
例如: arrive, come → be here, be in buy → have begin, start → be on ;
die → be dead finish, end → be over go out → be out
join → be in borrow→keep finish/end →be over
close →be closed leave, move → be away; fall asleep → be asleep
过去进行时
1. 过去进行时的定义
过去进行时主要表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作,或表示过去某一阶段一直在进行的动作。如:
I was having a talk with Li Hua at that time. 那时,我正在跟李华谈话。
I was watching TV at home last night. 昨晚我一直在看电视。
2. 过去进行时的结构
过去进行时由“was / were + 现在分词”构成。如:
I was doing my lessons then. 那时,我在做功课。
We were cleaning the house. 我们在打扫房子。
3. 使用过去进行时应注意的几点
(1) 过去进行时可表示按计划、安排过去某时刻将要发生的动作。如:
He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon. 他说他今天下午要去北京。
(2) 动词hope, wonder等的过去进行时常用来表示提出要求,虽然表示现在的内容,但语气比一般现在时或一般过去时要委婉。如:
I was wondering whether you could come to join us. 我想你能否过来跟我们一起活动?
(3) 过去进行时中有always, forever, continually, constantly修饰时,表示说话人的赞赏或厌烦的感情。如:
He was always thinking of others. 他总是想到人家。
4. 过去进行时与一般过去时的区别
(1) 过去进行时强调动作在过去某时刻正在进行或持续,而一般过去时表示动作的完成。如:
He was writing his composition last night. 他昨晚在写作文。(不一定写完)
He wrote his composition last night. 他昨晚写了一篇作文。(已经写完)
(2) 表示过去的状态、感觉及心理活动的静态动词(如be, like, love, hate, fear, own, hear, see, know, want, notice)可用于一般过去时,但通常不用于进行时。如:
I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food. 我讨厌人们说话时口里含着食物。
(3) 一般过去时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用,表示“过去经常性、习惯性的动作”;而过去进行时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用,表示动作的重复,常带有感****彩。如:
He always got up at six. 他过去总是六点起床。
He was always thinking of his work. 他总是一心想到工作。
(4) 有时过去进行时可以用来替换一般过去时,但一般过去时表示主语的行为是经过认真考虑的;而过去进行时表示一种较随便或没有进行仔细考虑的行为。如:
I thought that he would agree with us. 我原以为它会同意我们的。
I was thinking of persuading him to follow my advice. 我想到了要说服他接受我们的建议
过去进行时的时间状语
1. when 和while引导的状语从句中,强调某个动作正在进行的过程中时要用进行时态,while表示一段时间,因此它所引导的状语从句中,谓语动词常用进行时态,如:
When/While we were having supper, the light went out. 我们正在吃饭时灯熄灭了。
2. when用作并列连词时,主句常用进行时态,从句则用一般过去时,表示主句动作发生的过程中,另一个意想不到的动作发生了。如:
I was walking in the street when someone called me. 我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。
下面几种情况不用一般过去时而要用过去进行时:
1. 表示过去某一阶段暂时性的习惯动作时。如:
Tom was getting up at six o’clock every day that week. 汤姆那一周里每天都是六点钟起床。
John was always coming to school late. 约翰上学总是迟到。
Lei Feng was always doing good deeds for the people. 雷锋总是为人民做好事。
3. 用来描写故事发生的情景时。如:
It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A PLA man suddenly appeared on the river bank. He wanted to cross the river.那是一个漆黑的夜晚,风刮得很厉害,雨下得很大,一个解放军战士突然出现在河岸上,他想过河去。
4. when作并列连词,表示“(这时)突然”之意时,第一个并列分句用过去进行时,when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如:
I was taking a walk when I met him. 我正在散步,突然遇见了他。
We were playing outside when it began to rain. 我们正在外边玩,这时下起雨来了。
5. go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词可用过去进行时表示过去将来的含义。如:
I was leaving for Wuhan that day. 那天我正要去武汉。
She was coming later. 她随后就来。
过去进行时表示婉转语气(只限于want, hope, wonder 等动词),用以提出请求。如:
I was wondering if you could help me.
I was hoping you could send me home.